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Open-source software OSS is computer software that is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration , meaning any capable user is able to participate online in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite. The ability to examine the code facilitates public trust in the software.

Open-source software development can bring in diverse perspectives beyond those of a single company. Open source code can be used for studying and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way user scripts and custom style sheets allow for web sites, and eventually publish the modification as a fork for users with similar preferences, and directly submit possible improvements as pull requests.

In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other and evolve the field of computing. For example, Unix included the operating system source code for users. Eventually, the open-source notion moved to the wayside of commercialization of software in the years — However, academics still often developed software collaboratively.

The paper received significant attention in early , and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as free software. Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundation 's free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry.

They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February to encourage use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles.

While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's source code.

Microsoft executive Jim Allchin publicly stated in that "open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business. IBM, Oracle, Google, and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open-source market.

There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS. The free-software movement was launched in In , a group of individuals advocated that the term free software should be replaced by open-source software OSS as an expression which is less ambiguous [12] [13] [14] and more comfortable for the corporate world. With open-source software, generally, anyone is allowed to create modifications of it, port it to new operating systems and instruction set architectures , share it with others or, in some cases, market it.

Scholars Casson and Ryan have pointed out several policy-based reasons for adoption of open source — in particular, the heightened value proposition from open source when compared to most proprietary formats in the following categories:. The Open Source Definition presents an open-source philosophy and further defines the terms of use, modification and redistribution of open-source software.

Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by copyright law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition.

The most prominent and popular example is the GNU General Public License GPL , which "allows free distribution under the condition that further developments and applications are put under the same licence", thus also free.

The open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7, , in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January announcement of a source code release for Navigator as Mozilla. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet , since , started the open-source movement, while others do not distinguish between open-source and free software movements. The Free Software Foundation FSF , started in , intended the word "free" to mean freedom to distribute or "free as in free speech" and not freedom from cost or "free as in free beer".

Since a great deal of free software already was and still is free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed software development versus open development already provided by the Internet developer community, the OSI presented the "open source" case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the use of the label "open source", a term suggested by Christine Peterson [7] [20] of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial.

They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. Meanwhile, due to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape—Raymond only discovered when he read the press release , [21] and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale 's PA later in the day—Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.

The Open Source Initiative 's OSI definition is recognized by several governments internationally [23] as the standard or de facto definition. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines , written and adapted primarily by Perens. Under Perens' definition, open source is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code.

It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user, in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software. Despite initially accepting it, [31] Richard Stallman of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although he agrees that the two terms describe "almost the same category of software", Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading.

When an author contributes code to an open-source project e. Some open-source projects do not take contributed code under a license, but actually require joint assignment of the author's copyright in order to accept code contributions into the project.

The proliferation of open-source licenses is a negative aspect of the open-source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses. With more than , open-source projects available and more than unique licenses, the complexity of deciding how to manage open-source use within "closed-source" commercial enterprises has dramatically increased. In view of this, open-source practitioners are starting to use classification schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped typically based on the existence and obligations imposed by the copyleft provision; the strength of the copyleft provision.

As a result, if end-users violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright. Certification can help to build user confidence. Certification could be applied to the simplest component, to a whole software system. This project aims to build a desktop interface that every end-user is able to understand and interact with, thus crossing the language and cultural barriers.

The project would improve developing nations' access to information systems. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".

In the traditional model of development, which he called the cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing the architects , people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation.

Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model. The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles [42] suggests that software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:. Data suggests, however, that OSS is not quite as democratic as the bazaar model suggests. The average number of authors involved in a project was 5.

Open-source software is usually easier to obtain than proprietary software, often resulting in increased use. Additionally, the availability of an open-source implementation of a standard can increase adoption of that standard. Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS.

It is a good tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. Open-source development offers the potential to quicken innovation and the creation of innovation and social value. In France for instance, a policy that incentivized government to favor free open-source software increased to nearly , OSS contributions per year, generating social value by increasing the quantity and quality of open-source software.

It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it. Even if the company fails, the code continues to exist and be developed by its users. Also, it uses open standards accessible to everyone; thus, it does not have the problem of incompatible formats that may exist in proprietary software.

It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open-source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers.

The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation. Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer. It is sometimes said that the open-source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored.

However this is only true for small mostly single programmer projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market. It depends on control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations.

In OSS development, tools are used to support the development of the product and the development process itself. Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System CVS and later Subversion SVN and Git are examples of tools, often themselves open source, help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. Open-source projects are often loosely organized with "little formalised process modelling or support", but utilities such as issue trackers are often used to organize open-source software development.

Tools such as mailing lists and IRC provide means of coordination among developers. New organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their membership is often formed by legal entity members. Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit c 6 organization established in that promotes the development and implementation of open source software solutions within US Federal, state and local government agencies. OSSI's efforts have focused on promoting adoption of open-source software programs and policies within Federal Government and Defense and Homeland Security communities.

Open Source for America is a group created to raise awareness in the United States Federal Government about the benefits of open-source software. Their stated goals are to encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open-source software projects, and incorporation of open-source community dynamics to increase government transparency. Companies whose business centers on the development of open-source software employ a variety of business models to solve the challenge of how to make money providing software that is by definition licensed free of charge.

Each of these business strategies rests on the premise that users of open-source technologies are willing to purchase additional software features under proprietary licenses, or purchase other services or elements of value that complement the open-source software that is core to the business.

This additional value can be, but not limited to, enterprise-grade features and up-time guarantees often via a service-level agreement to satisfy business or compliance requirements, performance and efficiency gains by features not yet available in the open source version, legal protection e. The debate over open source vs. The top four reasons as provided by Open Source Business Conference survey [64] individuals or organizations choose open-source software are:.

Since innovative companies no longer rely heavily on software sales, proprietary software has become less of a necessity. Further, companies like Novell who traditionally sold software the old-fashioned way continually debate the benefits of switching to open-source availability, having already switched part of the product offering to open source code.

With this market shift, more critical systems are beginning to rely on open-source offerings, [69] allowing greater funding such as US Department of Homeland Security grants [69] to help "hunt for security bugs.

 

How to find microsoft office 2008 product key on mac free.Open-source software

 

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